Torr

The torr (symbol: Torr) is a unit of pressure based on an absolute scale, now defined as exactly $1⁄760$ of a standard atmosphere. Thus one torr is exactly $101,325⁄760$ pascals (~133.3 Pa).

Historically, one torr was intended to be the same as one "millimetre of mercury". However, subsequent redefinitions of the two units made them slightly different (by less than $0 %$). The torr is not part of the International System of Units (SI), but it is often combined with the metric prefix milli to name one millitorr (mTorr) or 0.001 Torr.

The unit was named after Evangelista Torricelli, an Italian physicist and mathematician who discovered the principle of the barometer in 1644.

Nomenclature and common errors
The unit's name "torr" is written in lower case, while its symbol ("Torr") is always written with upper-case initial; including in combinations with prefixes and other units, as in "mTorr" (millitorr) or "Torr·L/s" (torr-litres per second). The symbol (uppercase) should be used with prefix abbreviations (thus, mTorr and millitorr are correct, but mtorr and milliTorr are not).

The torr is sometimes incorrectly denoted by the symbol "T", which is the SI symbol for the tesla. The misspelled symbol "Tor" is also encountered, and is always incorrect.

History
Torricelli attracted considerable attention when he demonstrated the first mercury barometer to the general public. He is credited with giving the first modern explanation of atmospheric pressure. Scientists at the time were familiar with small fluctuations in height that occurred in barometers. When these fluctuations were explained as a manifestation of changes in atmospheric pressure, the science of meteorology was born.

Over time, 760 millimetres of came to be regarded as the standard atmospheric pressure. In honour of Torricelli, the torr was defined as a unit of pressure equal to one millimetre of.

In 1954, the definition of the atmosphere was revised by the 10e Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (10th CGPM) to the currently accepted definition: one atmosphere is equal to $101,325$ pascals. The torr was then redefined as $1⁄760$ of one atmosphere. This was necessary in place of the definition of the torr as one millimetre of mercury, because the pressure exerted by a column of mercury depends not only on the height of the column but on both the temperature and the acceleration due to gravity.

Manometric units of pressure
Manometric units are units such as millimetres of mercury or centimetres of water that depend on an assumed density of a fluid and an assumed acceleration due to gravity. The use of these units is discouraged. Nevertheless, manometric units are routinely used in medicine and physiology, and they continue to be used in areas as diverse as weather reporting and scuba diving.

Conversion factors
The millimetre of mercury by definition is $133.322 Pa$ ($13.595 g/cm3$ × $9.807 m/s2$ × $1 mm$), which is approximated with known accuracies of density of mercury and standard gravity.

The torr is defined as $1⁄760$ of one standard atmosphere, while the atmosphere is defined as $101,325$ pascals. Therefore, 1 Torr is equal to $101,325⁄760$ Pa. The decimal form of this fraction (133.322 368  421  052  ...) is an infinitely long, periodically repeating decimal, as is its reciprocal.

The relationship between the torr and the millimetre of is:


 * 1 Torr = 0.999 999  857  533  699  ... mmHg
 * 1 mmHg = 1.000 000  142  466  321  ... Torr

The difference between one millimetre of mercury and one torr, as well as between one atmosphere (101.325 kPa) and 760 mmHg ($101.325 kPa$), is less than one part in seven million (or less than $0 %$). This small difference is negligible for most applications outside metrology.

Other units of pressure include:


 * The bar (symbol: bar), defined as 100 kPa exactly.
 * The atmosphere (symbol: atm), defined as 101.325 kPa exactly.
 * The torr (symbol: Torr), defined as $1⁄760$ atm exactly.

These four pressure units are used in different settings. For example, the bar is used in meteorology to report atmospheric pressures. The torr is used in high-vacuum physics and engineering.